People lie and cheat more during afternoon

People are more likely to lie or cheat during the afternoon because self control diminishes during the day, according to researchers

Volunteers taking part in two experiments where they could benefit by cheating were more likely to do so if the tests took place after midday, researchers found. The findings back up previous studies which have shown that our capacity for self-control declines during the day, due to tiredness and repeatedly making decisions.

Psychologists from Harvard University first showed a group of volunteers various patterns of dots on a computer screen, asking them to decide whether there were more dots on the left or the right hand side. Instead of being rewarded for getting the answer right, the participants were paid based on which side they chose, earning ten times as much for choosing the right hand side as the left. People who were tested after midday were significantly more likely to select the right hand side, even if there were clearly more dots on the left, than those who took part during the morning.

In a second test, participants were shown a series of word fragments, such as "--ral" and "e---c--" and asked which words they associated with them. In morning experiments, participants were more likely to form the words "moral" and "ethical" while during the afternoon the words "coral" and "effects" were most common.

Further tests conducted online showed that people were more likely to send dishonest messages or claim to have solved an unsolvable problem in the afternoon than the morning.

Writing the Psychological Science journal, the researchers said the difference was particularly pronounced in people with higher ethical standards, who always behaved morally during the morning but slipped during the afternoon. In contrast, those who were able to "morally disengage", or behave unethically without feeling guilty, were prone to cheating whatever the time of day.

Question 1 (2 points) Indicate whether the following statements are true or false and write down which part of the text justifies your answer.

a. All the volunteers were paid.

b. There wasn’t a similar number of dots on both sides.

c. There were only two tests in the experiments.

d. There are some people who will cheat at any time.

Question 2 (2 points) Answer the following questions in your own words.

a. Why do most participants choose the wrong hand side in experiment one?

b. What kind of people would change their behavior in the afternoon?

Question 3 (1.5 points) Find words or phrases in the text that correspond in meaning to the words and definitions given.

a. Support par 2

b. Different par 3

c. Say something is true par 5

Question 4 (1.5 points) Complete the following sentences without changing the meaning.

a. Our capacity of self-control declines during the day, due to tiredness.

    Our capacity of self-control declines during the day, as we…

b. They asked them whether there were more dots on the left or the right hand side.

     They asked: “…

c. Participants were shown a series of word fragments.

    The psychologists…

Question 5 (3 points) Write a short essay (120-150 words) on the following topic:

            Some lies are not bad. Do you agree?